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                <text>Novel Transcriptomic Interactomes of Noncoding RNAs in the Heart under Altered Thyroid Hormonal States</text>
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                <text>Rajagopalan, V., Chakraborty, S., &amp; Lin, R.</text>
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                <text>Cancer&#13;
Heart&#13;
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                <text>Noncoding RNAs are emerging as vital players in cardiovascular diseases. Thyroid hormones (THs) are crucial for cardiovascular survival; however, correction of systemic hypothyroidism (low serum THs) may not improve cardiac tissue-level hypothyroidism or cardiac function. Mechanistically, the understanding of noncoding transcriptomic interactions influencing TH-mediated cardiac effects is unclear. Adult C57BL/6J mixed-sex mice were randomized into Control, Hypothyroid (HypoTH), Hyperthyroid (HyperTH), and HypoTH-Triiodothyronine restoration groups. Physiological, morphological, biochemical, molecular, and whole transcriptomic studies and appropriate statistical analyses were performed. HypoTH showed significant atrophy, depressed cardiac function, and decreased serum THs versus controls, and Triiodothyronine supplementation restored them. HyperTH significantly increased serum THs with hypertrophy. Real-time PCR showed significantly altered inflammatory and immune lncRNAs. The transcriptomic sequencing revealed significant differential expressions of lncRNAs, miRNAs, and mRNAs. Eleven novel circRNAs significantly decreased with increased THs. Multiple pathways were GO-/KEGG-enriched, including cardiac, thyroid, cancer, mitochondrial, inflammatory, adrenergic, metabolic, immune-mediated, vesicular, etc. We also uncovered significant novel co-expression and interactions of lncRNA-miRNA, lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA, lncRNA-mRNA, circRNA-miRNA, and miRNA-mRNA, and splicing events. This includes a novel pathway by which the predominant cardiac TH receptor alpha may interact with specific lncRNAs and miRNAs. This is the first study reporting a comprehensive transcriptome-wide interactome in the cardiac-thyroid axis.</text>
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                <text>&lt;em&gt;International Journal of Molecular Sciences&lt;/em&gt;, Volume 24, Issue 7, March 2023, page 6560</text>
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                <text>&lt;span&gt;© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt;).&lt;/span&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;span&gt;Rajagopalan, V., Chakraborty, S., &amp;amp; Lin, R. (2023). Novel Transcriptomic Interactomes of Noncoding RNAs in the Heart under Altered Thyroid Hormonal States. In International Journal of Molecular Sciences (Vol. 24, Issue 7, p. 6560). MDPI AG. &lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24076560"&gt;https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24076560&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</text>
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                <text>Gilani, N., Wang, K., Muncan, A., Peter, J., An, S., Bhatti, S., Pandya, K., Zhang, Y., Tang, Y.-D., Gerdes, A. M., Stout, R. F., &amp; Ojamaa, K. </text>
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                <text>Triiodothyronine maintains cardiac transverse-tubule structure and function</text>
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                <text>Ca(2+)&#13;
Calcium&#13;
Junctophilin-2&#13;
Ryanodine receptors&#13;
STORM&#13;
Thyroid hormone&#13;
Transverse-tubules</text>
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                <text>Subclinical hypothyroidism and low T3 syndrome are commonly associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality. We examined effects of T3 on T-tubule (TT) structures, Ca2+ mobilization and contractility, and clustering of dyadic proteins. Thyroid hormone (TH) deficiency was induced in adult female rats by propyl-thiouracil (PTU; 0.025%) treatment for 8 weeks. Rats were then randomized to continued PTU or triiodo-L-thyronine (T3; 10 μg/kg/d) treatment for 2 weeks (PTU + T3). After in vivo echocardiographic and hemodynamic recordings, cardiomyocytes (CM) were isolated to record Ca2+ transients and contractility. TT organization was assessed by confocal microscopy, and STORM images were captured to measure ryanodine receptor (RyR2) cluster number and size, and L-type Ca2+ channel (LTCC, Cav1.2) co-localization. Expressed genes including two integral TT proteins, junctophilin-2 (Jph-2) and bridging integrator-1 (BIN1), were analyzed in left ventricular (LV) tissues and cultured CM using qPCR and RNA sequencing. The T3 dosage used normalized serum T3, and reversed adverse effects of TH deficiency on in vivo measures of cardiac function. Recordings of isolated CM indicated that T3 increased rates of Ca2+ release and re-uptake, resulting in increased velocities of sarcomere shortening and re-lengthening. TT periodicity was significantly decreased, with reduced transverse tubules but increased longitudinal tubules in TH-deficient CMs and LV tissue, and these structures were normalized by T3 treatment. Analysis of STORM data of PTU myocytes showed decreased RyR2 cluster numbers and RyR localizations within each cluster without significant changes in Cav1.2 localizations within RyR clusters. T3 treatment normalized RyR2 cluster size and number. qPCR and RNAseq analyses of LV and cultured CM showed that Jph2 expression was T3-responsive, and its increase with treatment may explain improved TT organization and RyR-LTCC coupling.</text>
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                <text>&lt;em&gt;Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology&lt;/em&gt;, Volume 160, November 2021, pages 1-14</text>
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                <text>&lt;span&gt;Copyright © 2021 The Authors. This article is available under the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;Creative Commons CC-BY-NC-ND&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt; license and permits non-commercial use of the work as published, without adaptation or alteration provided the work is fully attributed.&lt;/span&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;span&gt;Gilani, N., Wang, K., Muncan, A., Peter, J., An, S., Bhatti, S., Pandya, K., Zhang, Y., Tang, Y.-D., Gerdes, A. M., Stout, R. F., &amp;amp; Ojamaa, K. (2021). Triiodothyronine maintains cardiac transverse-tubule structure and function. In Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology (Vol. 160, pp. 1–14). Elsevier BV. &lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yjmcc.2021.06.010"&gt;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yjmcc.2021.06.010&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</text>
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                <text>Injuries in a Mysticete Skeleton from the Miocene of  Virginia, With a Discussion of Buoyancy and the Primitive Feeding Mode in the Chaeomysticeti</text>
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                <text>Brian L. Beatty &amp; Alton C. Dooley, Jr.</text>
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                <text>Virginia Museum of Natural History</text>
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                <text>Paleopathology&#13;
Bone fracture&#13;
Cetacea&#13;
Mysticeti&#13;
Miocene&#13;
Calvert Formation&#13;
Osteosclerosis</text>
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                <text>A mostly complete skeleton of a mysticete from the Carmel Church Quarry displays some injuries, including a fractured and partially-healed left mandible, previously not reported in any fossil mysticete. The mostly healed nature of this non-union impaction fracture indicates that the animal died a significant amount of time after the injury. Additional injuries of the postglenoid process and left premaxilla, as well as the nature of the impaction fracture in the mandible suggest that the cause of this was some impact from the left anterior aspect. Possible scenarios for how this injury could have happened include intraspecific aggression and, more likely, impact with the seafloor during benthic feeding. The ribs of this individual are heavily osteosclerotic from dorsal to ventral ends, which would suggest that this taxon was a benthic feeder. In comparison with a sample of ribs from fossil mysticetes, it appears that Diorocetus may have been one of the last mysticetes with rib osteosclerosis, a feature possibly primitive to Mysticeti. Although this remains speculative, the presence of osteosclerotic ribs in primitive mysticetes suggests that the feeding mode employed by the earliest Chaeomysticeti was one of benthic feeding.</text>
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                <text>&lt;em&gt;Jeffersoniana &lt;/em&gt;Number 20, August 2009</text>
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                <text>&lt;a title="The Virginia Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), § 2.2-3700 et seq. of the Code of Virginia" href="https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/title2.2/chapter37/section2.2-3704.1/"&gt;The Virginia Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), § 2.2-3700 et seq. of the Code of Virginia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt;, guarantees citizens of the Commonwealth and representatives of the media access to public records held by public bodies, public officials, and public employees.&lt;/span&gt;</text>
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                <text>Use of the Western blot technique to identify the immunogenic proteins of Borrelia burgdorferi for developing a Lyme disease vaccine</text>
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Borrelia burgdorferi&#13;
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Lyme disease&#13;
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                <text>Biomedicine &amp;amp; Pharmacotherapy, Volume 157, Article 114013, January 2023</text>
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                <text>Background&#13;
Lyme disease is a serious infectious disease having a restricted worldwide distribution for which there is no vaccine available for human use.&#13;
&#13;
Objective&#13;
This study was designed to determine common reactive antigens involved in Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb) infection that are recognized in mammalian sera that may be useful for vaccine development.&#13;
&#13;
Methods&#13;
Blood samples were collected from patients with documented Lyme disease, and from rabbits and mice experimentally infected with either tick-transmitted or culture-grown Borrelia burgdorferi . All samples were then processed for sera. For performing the Western blots, sonicated Bb organisms (whole cell lysates) and protein ladders were separated by protein gel electrophoresis. Immune reactivities of the electrophoresed proteins with the serum samples were then probed with anti-HRP IgG reagent.&#13;
&#13;
Results&#13;
Rabbit, mouse and human sera consistently reacted with the 41 kDa band of Bb which corresponded to the flagellin protein – the major protein component of this organism’s periplasmic flagella, also known as axial filaments or fibrils. Various other Bb antigens of wide molecular weight ranges were also recognized by rabbit and human sera, and less frequently with mouse sera.&#13;
&#13;
Conclusion&#13;
The strong immune response to the 41 kDa flagellin protein by the different mammalian species suggests the utility of a possible vaccine targeting this protein, although other proteins may also be appropriate, for preventing Lyme disease following a bite from an infected tick.</text>
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                <text>Animals&#13;
Arrhythmias, Cardiac etiology metabolism prevention &amp; control&#13;
Body Weight physiology&#13;
Caloric Restriction adverse effects methods trends&#13;
Calorie restriction&#13;
Cardiotonic Agents administration &amp; dosage&#13;
Fasting&#13;
Female&#13;
Heart&#13;
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Long noncoding RNA&#13;
Male&#13;
Mice&#13;
Mice, Inbred C57BL&#13;
RNA, Long Noncoding biosynthesis&#13;
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Triiodothyronine administration &amp; dosage</text>
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                <text>Severe caloric-restriction compromises thyroid hormone (TH) status, apparently to save energy and proteins for enduring stress stimulus. However, a persistent decrease in TH levels may compromise heart function. We hypothesized that supplementation of low dose active TH or targeting hypoxia-inducible factor-1-alpha, HIF-1α (a strong activator of deiodinase enzyme that degrades peripheral active THs) will prevent deterioration of cardiac performance. Adult mice were subjected to acute fasting based on institutional animal protocols with ad libitum access to water. The following groups were studied: Control mice with free access to food; severe caloric restriction fasting only group; Fasting with Triiodo- l -Thyronine (T3); Fasting with HIF-1α inhibitor (BAY). Cardiac hemodynamic and electrophysiological studies were performed and role of long noncoding RNAs were explored. Following severe caloric-restriction, we found that body weights, and heart weights to a partial extent, were decreased. Low-dose T3 treatment attenuated left ventricular hemodynamic impairment in indices of cardiac contractility and relaxation. In electrophysiology studies, fasting mice developed atrial tachyarrhythmias upon induction. This reverted to control levels following T3 treatment. There was a significant increase in atrioventricular conduction time and significant decrease in heart rate following fasting. Both these changes were attenuated following T3 treatment. Furthermore, BAY partially improved hemodynamics. Compared to the severe caloric-restriction group, both T3 and BAY reduced MALAT1 and GAS5 long noncoding RNA expression. These new findings indicate that T3 and BAY protect from cardiac decompensation secondary to acute severe caloric-restriction partly mediated by long noncoding RNAs.</text>
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                <text>Rajagopalan, V., Gorecki, M., Costello, C., Schultz, E., Zhang, Y., &amp; Gerdes, A. M. (2020). Cardioprotection by triiodothyronine following caloric restriction via long noncoding RNAs. In Biomedicine &amp; Pharmacotherapy (Vol. 131, p. 110657). Elsevier BV. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110657&#13;
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                <text>Fossil Giraffidae (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) from the late Miocene of Thermopigi (Macedonia, Greece)&#13;
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                <text>Xafis A., Tsoukala E., Solounias N., Mandic O., Harzhauser M., Grímsson F., Nagel D.</text>
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                <text> Giraffids&#13;
 Helladotherium&#13;
 Palaeotragus&#13;
 Samotherium&#13;
 Strymon basin&#13;
 Turolian&#13;
 Fossil&#13;
 Fossil assemblage&#13;
 Mammal&#13;
 Paleontology&#13;
 Skeletal remains&#13;
 Taphonomy&#13;
 Turolian&#13;
 Greece&#13;
 Macedonia [Greece]&#13;
 Struma Basin&#13;
 Artiodactyla&#13;
 Bovidae&#13;
 Giraffidae&#13;
 Mammalia</text>
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                <text>Copyright: November 2019 Society of Vertebrate Paleontology.&#13;
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/</text>
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                <text>&lt;em&gt;Palaeontologia Electronica&lt;/em&gt;, Article 22.3.67, November 2019</text>
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                <text>Palaeontologists have known about the fossiliferous site at Thermopigi (Central Macedonia, N. Greece) for the past two decades. Following the first field campaigns a wealth of new information on the overall geology, taphonomy and palaeontology of the site became available. With more than 1300 fossils, representing at least 20 mammalian species, Thermopigi is considered a rich late Miocene locality, with hipparions, bovids, giraffes and rhinos being the most prominent elements of the palaeofauna. Four different giraffids are identified: Helladotherium duvernoyi, Samotherium major, Palaeotragus rouenii, and a slightly larger Palaeotragus sp. The faunal assemblage reveals the northernmost occurrence of Samotherium major and the third recorded presence of this species from continental Greece. Helladotherium duvernoyi is the most abundant giraffid at Thermopigi, with the largest fossil collection containing both dental and skeletal elements. The comparison of Palaeotragus with other palaeotragine giraffids suggests the coexistence of two Palaeotragus taxa. The abundance of H. duvernoyi, the presence of S. major and the coexistence of the latter with P. rouenii and another slightly larger palaeotragine, indicate that the faunal assemblage at Thermopigi is of middle Turolian age, placing it in the MN12 zone.</text>
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                <text>Xafis, A., Tsoukala, E., Solounias, N., Mandic, O., Harzhauser, M., Grímsson, F., &amp; Nagel, D. (2019). Fossil Giraffidae (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) from the late Miocene of Thermopigi (Macedonia, Greece). In Palaeontologia Electronica. Coquina Press. https://doi.org/10.26879/889</text>
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                <text>Mihlbachler M.C. &amp; Prothero D.R.</text>
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                <text>Coquina Press</text>
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                <text>Classification&#13;
Eocene&#13;
Fossil record&#13;
Identification method&#13;
Mammal&#13;
Morphology&#13;
Paleontology&#13;
Phylogenetics&#13;
Taxonomy&#13;
Big Bend National Park&#13;
Mexico [North America]&#13;
Texas&#13;
United States&#13;
Brontotheriidae&#13;
Mammalia&#13;
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                <text>Copyright: November 2021 Society of Vertebrate Paleontology.&#13;
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.&#13;
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</text>
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                <text>Palaeontologia Electronica, Article 24.3.35A, November 2021</text>
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                <text>Large horned brontotheres (Brontotheriidae) are abundantly represented in Duchesnean and early Chadronian mammal faunas from the Big Bend Area of West Texas and nearby Mexico. The majority of this material, which until now has never been fully examined, is identified and described. The first brontothere to be named from this region, Menodus bakeri Stovall, 1948, is found to be a nomen dubium. The majority of the fossil material is referrable to Protitanops curryi Stock, 1936. P. curryi, previously only known from a single specimen from the Titus Valley Formation of Southern California, is now recognized in both the Duchesnean and Chadronian land mammal ages of Texas. It occurs in the late Duchesnean Porvenir Local Fauna from the lower part of the Chambers Tuff Formation and from the early Chadronian Little Egypt local fauna from the upper part of the Chambers Tuff Formation and the lower Chisos Formation in the Big Bend National Park Texas. A single specimen from the early Chadronian Rancho Gaitan local fauna of the Prietos Formation of Mexico is also identified as P. curryi. The extensive Protitanops curryi material from Texas and Mexico broadens the biostratigraphic and geographic ranges of this species and provides a more extensive understanding of its morphology and phylogenetic position. Duchesneodus uintensis (Peterson, 1931) has been previously identified with diagnostic material in the Blue Cliff horizon of the lower Chambers Tuff. Duchesneodus was previously identified in the early Duchesnean Skyline Channels of the Devil’s Graveyard Formation, but this material is better identified as cf. Parvicornus occidentalis Mihlbachler and Deméré, 2009. D. uintensis is therefore restricted to the late Duchesnean in Texas.</text>
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                <text>Mihlbachler, M., &amp; Prothero, D. (2021). Eocene (Duchesnean and earliest Chadronian) brontotheres (Brontotheriidae), Protitanops curryi and cf. Parvicornus occidentalis, from west Texas and Mexico. In Palaeontologia Electronica. Coquina Press. https://doi.org/10.26879/944</text>
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                <text>Organ Histopathological Associations with Hyperostosis Frontalis Interna in Humans</text>
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                <text>Beatty K., Putcha K., Shah A., Li K.</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="33098">
                <text>Anatomy &amp; Morphology&#13;
Bone growth&#13;
Cranium&#13;
Crecimiento óseo&#13;
Cráneo&#13;
Estradiol&#13;
Hiperostosis frontal interna, &#13;
Histology&#13;
Histología&#13;
Hyperostosis frontalis interna</text>
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            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="33101">
                <text>CC BY-NC. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</text>
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                <text>International Journal of Morphology, Volume 39, Issue 1, February 2021, pages 77-83</text>
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                <text>An increased thickening of the frontal bone by irregular laminar additions on the inner surface just deep to the dura mater have been known in the archaeological and medical record as hyperostosis frontalis interna (HFI). The distribution of this is idiosyncratically restricted to the frontal and has no known etiology. The prevalence among post-menopausal females and rarity in males suggests that it is hormonally driven. Here we report histopathological findings of particularly hormonally active organs (pituitaries, gonads and liver) from a geriatric cadaveric sample in which HFI is assessed. HFI was present in 50 % of males (7/14) and 95 % (21/22) of females. All males with HFI had testicular atrophy or had testes absent. Males with HFI category C or D had moderate to severe testicular atrophy. Decreased numbers of interstitial cells (Leydig cells) were present in 83.3 % of males with HFI. All but one female (21/22) from this study exhibited evidence of HFI, and ovarian pathologies were unevenly distributed (fibromas in two) and most exhibited signs of being healthy and post-menopausal. Liver pathologies had opposite patterns between the sexes, with more liver pathologies occurring among males without HFI (particularly passive congestion and bile stasis). The only exceptions were that the one case of liver neoplasia was found in a male with HFI and steotosis was found in two cases with HFI and one case without HFI. In females all cases of liver pathologies (steotosis, hepatitis, passive congestion, fibrosis, and bile stasis) were associated with HFI. It appears that gonadal pathology is most closely associated with HFI in males but not females, suggesting that the role of estradiol in this unusual growth of bone in geriatric humans may be worth investigating further.</text>
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            <description>A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible.</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="33805">
                <text>Beatty, Kb., Putcha, K., Shah, A., &amp; Li, K. (2021). Organ Histopathological Associations with Hyperostosis Frontalis Interna in Humans. In International Journal of Morphology (Vol. 39, Issue 1, pp. 77–83). SciELO Agencia Nacional de Investigacion y Desarrollo (ANID). https://doi.org/10.4067/s0717-95022021000100077</text>
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        <name>controlled</name>
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        <name>Cranium</name>
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        <name>Estradiol</name>
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        <name>female</name>
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        <name>gonad</name>
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      <tag tagId="1903">
        <name>Histology</name>
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      </tag>
      <tag tagId="1913">
        <name>human experiment</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="1914">
        <name>human tissue</name>
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      <tag tagId="1915">
        <name>hyperostosis</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="1904">
        <name>Hyperostosis frontalis interna</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="1916">
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      <tag tagId="1917">
        <name>liver congestion</name>
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        <name>male</name>
      </tag>
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      </tag>
      <tag tagId="1919">
        <name>ovary tissue</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="1920">
        <name>parietal bone</name>
      </tag>
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        <name>pathology</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="1921">
        <name>sphenoid</name>
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        <name>steatosis</name>
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                  <text>NYITCOM - Faculty Publications</text>
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                <text>A Miocene cetacean vertebra showing a partially healed longitudinal shear-compression fracture, possibly the result of domoic acid toxicity or failed predation</text>
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                <text>Godfrey S.J. &amp; Beatty B.L.</text>
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            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="33087">
                <text>Coquina Press</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="33088">
                <text>Calvert Cliffs&#13;
Cetacean vertebrae&#13;
Failed predation&#13;
Harmful algal bloom&#13;
Miocene&#13;
Otodus megalodon&#13;
Seizure&#13;
Shear-compression fracture&#13;
Acid&#13;
Algal bloom&#13;
Cetacean&#13;
Compression&#13;
Fracture&#13;
Miocene&#13;
Pathology&#13;
Predation&#13;
Shark&#13;
Shear&#13;
Tooth&#13;
Toxicity</text>
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            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="33091">
                <text>Copyright: September 2022 Society of Vertebrate Paleontology. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</text>
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                <text>https://repository.nyitlibrary.org/files/original/625ed29d2da781f30e49559144d0beca.pdf</text>
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                <text>https://doi.org/10.26879/1171</text>
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                <text>&lt;em&gt;Palaeontologia Electronica&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span&gt;, Article 25.3.a28, September 2022&lt;/span&gt;</text>
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                <text>CT-scans of a cetacean pathological vertebra from the Calvert Formation of the Miocene Chesapeake Group of Maryland, show features characteristic of a shear-compression fracture with comminution and significant periosteal reaction. The etiology of the injury suggests an intense hyperflexion of vertebrae in at least the lumbar region of the axial column. The trauma was sufficiently forceful to break much of the lower two-fifths of the centrum away from the anterior end of the body of the vertebra. However, the trauma was not immediately fatal as significant fusion of fragmented elements was well underway at the time of death. Much of the lateral and ventral surfaces of the centrum are covered with a thick layer of periosteal reactive bone. This reactive periosteal bone growth could be due to spondyloarthritis, infection, or from the traumatic event itself, if the direct muscle attachments on the vertebra were avulsed.&#13;
&#13;
A single megatoothed shark tooth from Otodus megalodon was found with the vertebra. It is not known if the tooth came to be there serendipitously, or if it was associated because it was lost as a result of the possible originating failed predation event, or during a final successful predation or subsequent scavenging event.&#13;
&#13;
The fractures are severe and unlikely to have had an endogenous origin like convulsions, seizures, or spasms. Seizures can cause vertebral fractures in humans, including elderly adults with poor bone health as well as physically fit younger individuals. Seizures causing injuries of this magnitude have not been observed in cetaceans, though domoic acid toxicity from harmful algal blooms are known to cause seizures in cetaceans, and are implicated in the deaths of neonatal skim-feeding mysticetes. It is unlikely, but possible, that a large mysticete would be affected by domoic acid toxicity to the point of a spinal fracture-causing seizure. Similarly, protozoal infections are known to cause seizures in cetaceans, though physical diagnosis of this is impossible in a fossil. Partly healed bone fractures of the face from possible collisions with the seafloor have been reported from fossil mysticetes of shallower regions of this fauna, but a spinal fracture this far back in the spinal column seems unlikely to be the result of a seafloor collision. Even though the cause of the vertebral hyperflexion and resulting trauma is unknown, a plausible cause was a crushing ambush delivered by a macropredatory shark or macroraptorial physeteroid. In spite of extant cetaceans being subjected to anthropogenically-induced trauma, which include vessel-strike blunt force injuries of many different kinds, shear-compression fractures and periosteal reactions like the ones detailed here have not yet been reported in extant cetaceans. Therefore, we consider the fracture as likely due to an impact from a predator, such as Otodus megalodon, or possibly from seizures due to a harmful algal bloom and resulting domoic acid toxicity. In either scenario, the cetacean survived.</text>
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            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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            <name>Bibliographic Citation</name>
            <description>A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible.</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="33808">
                <text>Godfrey, S., &amp; Beatty, B. (2022). A Miocene cetacean vertebra showing a partially healed longitudinal shear-compression fracture, possibly the result of domoic acid toxicity or failed predation. In Palaeontologia Electronica. Coquina Press. https://doi.org/10.26879/1171</text>
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        <name>cetacean</name>
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        <name>cetacean vertebrae</name>
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        <name>fracture</name>
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        <name>harmful algal bloom</name>
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        <name>Miocene</name>
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        <name>Otodus megalodon</name>
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        <name>pathology</name>
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        <name>predation</name>
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        <name>seizure</name>
      </tag>
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        <name>shark</name>
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        <name>shear</name>
      </tag>
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        <name>shear-compression fracture</name>
      </tag>
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          <element elementId="50">
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                <text>Efficacy and Feasibility of Remote Cognitive Remediation Therapy in Parkinson’s Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="33076">
                <text>Hoffman L., Burt N.D., Piniella N.R., Baker M., Volino N., Yasin S., Jung M.-K., Leder A., Sousa A.</text>
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                <text>Neurology&#13;
Diseases of the nervous system</text>
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            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="33081">
                <text>Copyright © 2023 Lisa Hoffman et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</text>
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                <text>https://repository.nyitlibrary.org/files/original/50b18b55aa34b4b37cf49822caa3224d.pdf</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="34091">
                <text>https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/6645554</text>
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                <text>Hindawi</text>
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                <text>Parkinson’s Disease, Volume 2023, June 2023, Article 6645554</text>
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                <text>Background. Non-motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease (PD) such as cognitive impairment are common and decrease patient quality of life and daily functioning. While no pharmacological treatments have effectively alleviated these symptoms to date, non-pharmacological approaches such as cognitive remediation therapy (CRT) and physical exercise have both been shown to improve cognitive function and quality of life in people with PD. Objective. This study aims to determine the feasibility and impact of remote CRT on cognitive function and quality of life in patients with PD participating in an organized group exercise program. Methods. Twenty-four subjects with PD recruited from Rock Steady Boxing (RSB), a non-contact group exercise program, were evaluated using standard neuropsychological and quality of life measures and randomized to the control or intervention group. The intervention group attended online CRT sessions for one hour, twice a week for 10 weeks, engaging in multi-domain cognitive exercises and group discussion. Results. Twenty-one subjects completed the study and were reevaluated. Comparing groups over time, the control group (n = 10) saw a decline in overall cognitive performance that trended towards significance () and a statistically significant decrease in delayed memory () and self-reported cognition (). Neither of these findings were seen in the intervention group (n = 11), which overwhelmingly enjoyed the CRT sessions and attested to subjective improvements in their daily lives. Conclusions. This randomized controlled pilot study suggests that remote CRT for PD patients is feasible, enjoyable, and may help slow the progression of cognitive decline. Further trials are warranted to determine the longitudinal effects of such a program.</text>
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            <description>A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible.</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="33811">
                <text>Hoffman, L., Burt, N. D., Piniella, N. R., Baker, M., Volino, N., Yasin, S., Jung, M.-K., Leder, A., &amp; Sousa, A. (2023). Efficacy and Feasibility of Remote Cognitive Remediation Therapy in Parkinson’s Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial. In G. Mirabella (Ed.), Parkinson’s Disease (Vol. 2023, pp. 1–10). Hindawi Limited. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/6645554</text>
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                  <text>NYITCOM - Faculty Publications</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
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            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="32955">
                <text>Cushioning Effect of Conventional Padded Helmets on Interaction between Cerebrospinal Fluid and Brain after a Low-Speed Head Impact</text>
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                <text>Syed F., Frankini E., Hurdle K., Garcia J., Chan-Akeley R., Toma M.</text>
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                <text>&lt;i&gt;Applied Sciences&lt;/i&gt;,&lt;span&gt; Volume 13, Issue 7, April 2023, page 4544&lt;/span&gt;</text>
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                <text>Results of a recent experimental study challenge the widely-held belief that modern combat helmets are more effective at protecting soldiers against concussions. The research shows that helmets used during First World War without inner paddings may have an advantage in protecting soldiers’ brains from concussions when relying solely on cerebrospinal fluid. The present study explains this counterintuitive finding by revealing that while cerebrospinal fluid can prevent direct brain-to-skull contact during a single event, its protective capabilities diminish with each subsequent event occurring in quick succession—something conventional padded helmets appear to aggravate. The cerebrospinal fluid requires a certain amount of time to reset after an acceleration/deceleration event, which allows it to effectively provide cushioning for any subsequent events and protect against potential brain damage. However, an immediate occurrence of a subsequent event, when the fluid has no time to settle down, may significantly diminish the effectiveness of the fluid’s ability to provide adequate cushioning, thereby putting individuals at risk of serious injury. This new information may have implications for helmet design in the future and calls into question current assumptions regarding the best way to protect soldiers and athletes from concussions.</text>
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                <text>Evolution, Homology, and Development of Tetrapod Limb Muscles</text>
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Muscle reconstruction&#13;
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                <text>© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).</text>
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                <text>Diversity, Volume 13, Issue 8, August 2021, page 393</text>
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                <text>Since the early 1900s, researchers have attempted to unravel the origin and evolution of tetrapod limb muscles using a combination of comparative anatomy, phylogeny, and development. The methods for reconstructing soft tissues in extinct animals have been refined over time as our ability to determine muscle homology and phylogenetic relationships between tetrapods has improved. Since many muscles do not leave osteological correlates, muscle reconstruction in extinct animals is largely based on anatomy and development in extant animals. While muscle anatomy in extant tetrapods is quite conservative, the homologies of certain muscles between taxonomic groups are still uncertain. Comparative developmental studies can help to resolve these controversies, as well as revealing general patterns of muscle morphogenesis across tetrapod groups. We review the methods, results, and controversies in the muscle reconstructions of early members of the amniote, mammalian, and lissamphibian lineages, including recent attempts to reconstruct limb muscles in members of the tetrapod stem group. We also review the contribution of recent comparative developmental studies toward understanding the evolution of tetrapod limb muscles, including morphogenic gradients, the origin of paired fins, and the evolution of morphological complexity. Finally, we discuss the role of broad, comparative myological studies as part of an integrative research program on vertebrate evolutionary biology.</text>
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                <text>Molnar, J. L., &amp; Diogo, R. (2021). Evolution, Homology, and Development of Tetrapod Limb Muscles. In Diversity (Vol. 13, Issue 8, p. 393). MDPI AG. https://doi.org/10.3390/d13080393</text>
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                <text>Breaking up prolonged sitting with a 6 min walk improves executive function in women and men esports players: a randomised trial</text>
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                <text>Difrancisco-Donoghue J., Jenny S.E., Douris P.C., Ahmad S., Yuen K., Hassan T., Gan H., Abraham K., Sousa A.&#13;
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                <text>&lt;i&gt;BMJ Open Sport &amp;amp; Exercise Medicine&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;, Volume 7, Issue 3, August 2021&lt;/span&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;div class="subsection"&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Objective&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;The effect of prolonged sitting on executive function and performance in competitive esports players are unknown. This study aimed to evaluate executive function following a 6 min bout of walking or rest during prolonged gaming in competitive esports players.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="subsection"&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;12 men and 9 women completed three separate 2-hour gaming session days assigned in randomised order consisting of a 6 min walk break, 6 min rest break and continuous before and after each session. Postintervention participant exit survey data were also collected.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="subsection"&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;The walk condition produced a significantly faster mean solution time (7613.6±3060.5 min, p=0.02) and planning time (5369.0±2802.09, p=0.04) compared with the resting condition (9477±3547.4; 6924±3247.7) and continuous play (8200.0±3031.6; 5862.7±2860.7). The rest condition resulted in the slowest mean solution time (9477.0±3547.4) and planning time (6924.0±3247.7), with the continuous play resulting in a faster mean solution time (8200.1±3031.6) and planning time (5862.7±2860.7) than the rest condition. There was no impact on game performance in any of the conditions. However, over 70% of participants felt that the walk break improved esports performance.&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Reducing sit time and breaking up prolonged sitting have acute and chronic health benefits. This study provides evidence that a 6 min walking break in the middle of 2 hours of gameplay allows gamers to have these health benefits while improving processing speed and executive function.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Trial registration number&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a class="external-ref external-ref-type-clintrialgov" href="https://bmjopensem.bmj.com/lookup/external-ref?link_type=CLINTRIALGOV&amp;amp;access_num=NCT04674436&amp;amp;atom=%2Fbmjosem%2F7%2F3%2Fe001118.atom"&gt;NCT04674436&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
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                <text>&lt;span&gt;DiFrancisco-Donoghue, J., Jenny, S. E., Douris, P. C., Ahmad, S., Yuen, K., Hassan, T., Gan, H., Abraham, K., &amp;amp; Sousa, A. (2021). Breaking up prolonged sitting with a 6 min walk improves executive function in women and men esports players: a randomised trial. In BMJ Open Sport &amp;amp;amp; Exercise Medicine (Vol. 7, Issue 3, p. e001118). BMJ. &lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2021-001118"&gt;https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2021-001118&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</text>
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                <text>The size and shape of articular cartilage in the limbs of extant vertebrates are highly variable, yet they are critical for understanding joint and limb function in an evolutionary context. For example, inferences about unpreserved articular cartilage in early tetrapods have implications for how limb length, joint range of motion, and muscle leverage changed over the tetrapod water-land transition. Extant salamanders, which are often used as functional models for early limbed vertebrates, have much thicker articular cartilage than most vertebrate groups, but the exact proportion of cartilage and how it varies across salamander species is unknown. I aimed to quantify this variation in a sample of 13 salamanders representing a broad range of sizes, modes of life, and genera. Using contrast-enhanced micro-CT, cartilage dimensions and bone length were measured non-destructively in the humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, and fibula of each specimen. Cartilage correction factors were calculated as the combined thickness of the proximal and distal cartilages divided by the length of the bony shaft. Articular cartilage added about 30% to the length of the long bones on average. Cartilage was significantly thicker in aquatic salamanders (42 ± 14% in the humerus and 35 ± 8 in the femur) than in terrestrial salamanders (21 ± 7% in both humerus and femur). There was no consistent relationship between relative cartilage thickness and body size or phylogenetic relatedness. In addition to contributing to limb length, cartilage caps increased the width and breadth of the epiphyses by amounts that varied widely across taxa. To predict the effect of salamander-like cartilage correction factors on muscle leverage, a simplified model of the hindlimb of the Devonian stem tetrapod Acanthostega was built. In this model, the lever arms of muscles that cross the hip at an oblique angle to the femur was increased by up to six centimeters. Future reconstructions of osteological range of motion and muscle leverage in stem tetrapods and stem amphibians can be made more rigorous by explicitly considering the possible effects of unpreserved cartilage and justifying assumptions based on available data from extant taxa, including aquatic and terrestrial salamanders.</text>
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                <text>Thanks to new methods of modeling and analysis, we are discovering much more about movement, sensation, and feeding in animals that span the tetrapod water-land transition and the origin of amniotes. As investigations of function in extinct animals become more complex and rigorous, the need to take soft tissues into account becomes more pressing. For example, biomechanical simulations of locomotion in early tetrapods rely on assumptions about their muscles and cartilages that come from living animals. Thus, the drive to learn more about our ancient relatives leads us to ask new questions about the relationships between hard and soft tissues over development and evolution. How did early land vertebrates transition from aquatic to terrestrial feeding? How did muscle anatomy and development change during the transformation from fins to limbs in tetrapods and with the loss of metamorphosis in amniotes? In this Research Topic, researchers approach these questions using fossils, biomechanical models, observation of living animals, and new imaging modalities that allow us to view embryonic development and adult anatomy in unprecedented detail.</text>
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                <text>Cetacea&#13;
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                <text>© 2023 Werth and Beatty. This is an openaccess article distributed under the terms of the &lt;a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"&gt;Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY)&lt;/a&gt;. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.</text>
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                <text>Teeth are often the first structures that anatomists and paleontologists examine to understand the ecology and morphology of feeding, both because teeth are highly specialized structures that provide precise information, and because they are among the best and most commonly preserved fossils. Unfortunately, many fragmentary fossil and recent specimens lack teeth, and some come from edentulous individuals and taxa, as in mysticete (baleen) whales. In our broad comparative review, we survey non-dental osteological features that, due to size, shape, arrangement, and surface features reflecting muscle attachments, provide useful clues to general or specific aspects of prey capture, intraoral transport, processing, or swallowing. We focus on hyoid, palatal, and pterygoid bones, mandibular symphyses and processes such as the coronoid, and the temporal fossa and zygomatic arch, as well as adjacent cranial bones relating to oral and pharyngeal anatomy. These bones relate to muscles of five general locations especially indicative of feeding: mandibular, hyoid, tongue, pharyngeal, and facial regions. Together these bones and muscles affect feeding and related activities including suckling and breathing. We discuss osteological correlates that provide special relevance to key transitions in cetacean evolutionary history, such as the shift from predominantly terrestrial to aquatic feeding, the shift from typical mammalian mastication to swallowing prey entirely or nearly whole, and the separation of respiratory and digestive passages. We also point to examples of modern specialists in these anatomical optima for different modes of prey capture, intraoral transport, processing, and swallowing. Although we focus on cetaceans, our approach is broadly relevant to all vertebrates, notably other marine tetrapods.</text>
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                <text>&lt;span&gt;Werth, A. J., &amp;amp; Beatty, B. L. (2023). Osteological correlates of evolutionary transitions in cetacean feeding and related oropharyngeal functions. In Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution (Vol. 11). Frontiers Media SA. &lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2023.1179804"&gt;https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2023.1179804&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</text>
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                <text>DNA Damage genetics&#13;
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Index Medicus&#13;
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                <text>&lt;i&gt;Genes&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;, Volume 14, Issue 4, April 2023&lt;/span&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;span&gt;Zhang, D., Eckert, K. A., &amp;amp; Lee, M. Y. W. T. (2023). Special Issue “DNA Replication/Repair, and the DNA Damage Response in Human Disease.” In Genes (Vol. 14, Issue 4, p. 893). MDPI AG. &lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/genes14040893"&gt;https://doi.org/10.3390/genes14040893&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</text>
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                <text>New specimens and species of the Oligocene toothed baleen whale Coronodon from South Carolina and the origin of Neoceti</text>
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                <text>Cetacea&#13;
Medicine&#13;
Mysticeti&#13;
Neoceti&#13;
North Atlantic&#13;
Oligocene&#13;
Phylogeny</text>
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                <text>© 2023 Boessenecker et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed. For attribution, the original author(s), title, publication source (PeerJ) and either DOI or URL of the article must be cited.</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.14795"&gt;https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.14795&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>Baleen whales (Mysticeti) are gigantic filter-feeding cetaceans possessing the unique soft tissue structure baleen and lacking adult teeth; Oligocene fossils have revealed a wealth of early diverging tooth-bearing mysticetes highlighting the transition from archaeocete ancestors to early toothless baleen-bearing eomysticetid whales. The archaeocete-like, toothed mysticete Coronodon havensteini from the lower Oligocene Ashley Formation of South Carolina possesses a number of peculiar aspects of feeding morphology suggesting dental filter-feeding in the earliest diverging mysticete lineage. New fossils of Coronodon are described in detail, including (1) supplementary description of the holotype skull and skeleton of Coronodon havensteini; (2) description of two new juvenile skulls of C. havensteini and a partial skull and postcranial skeleton of an adult; (3) description of the new species Coronodon planifrons n.sp.; and (4) description of the new species Coronodon newtonorum. New specimens of Coronodon havensteini include a partial adult skeleton preserving new elements for the species including incisors, numerous upper premolars and molars, lower m4, scapula, lumbar, and caudal vertebrae, and two juvenile skulls with tympanoperiotics and teeth. Fossils from the overlying unit, the Chandler Bridge Formation, represent two new species: Coronodon newtonorum n. sp. and Coronodon planifrons n. sp. Coronodon newtonorum possesses a concave-up alveolar profile, a mandibular condyle elevated far above the toothrow, and a gracile periotic resembling those of juvenile C. havensteini. Coronodon planifrons n. sp. possesses a horizontal supraorbital process, successively smaller upper molars, massively inflated periotic, and longer intertemporal region. Coronodon planifrons n. sp. preserves one of the most complete vertebral columns among toothed mysticetes, indicating nine thoracic vertebrae, ten lumbar vertebrae, and at least 20 caudal vertebrae. The column exhibits a somewhat stabilized caudal peduncle with enlarged lumbocaudal vertebrae, and rectangular terminal caudals indicate the presence of tail flukes. Juvenile skulls reveal several ontogenetic trends in Coronodon havensteini, including the anterior migration of the orbitotemporal crest, anteroposterior elongation of the intertemporal region, inflation of the body of the periotic, enlargement of the tympanic bulla, and continued postnatal emergence of the premolars and molars from their alveoli. Disarticulated skulls suggest a degree of rostral kinesis in this genus. Phylogenetic analysis of the largest assembled supermatrix of Mysticeti (n =138 OTUs; four archaeocetes, 10 odontocetes, 124 mysticetes; 391 morphological and 27,225 molecular characters) confirms placement of Coronodon as the earliest diverging lineage of Mysticeti under equally weighted analyses whereas implied weighting places Coronodon and similar taxa outside Neoceti, prompting a review of character transformations at the base of Neoceti.</text>
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                <text>&lt;i&gt;PeerJ Life &amp;amp; Environment&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;, Volume 11, April 2023, page e14795&lt;/span&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;span&gt;Boessenecker, R. W., Beatty, B. L., &amp;amp; Geisler, J. H. (2023). New specimens and species of the Oligocene toothed baleen whale Coronodon from South Carolina and the origin of Neoceti. In PeerJ (Vol. 11, p. e14795). PeerJ. &lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.14795%C2%A0"&gt;https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.14795 &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</text>
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                <text>Toma M., Einstein D.R., Bloodworth C.H., IV, Kohli K., Cochran R.P., Kunzelman K.S., Yoganathan A.P.</text>
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Documentary television programs&#13;
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Fernsehprogramm&#13;
Nachrichtensendung&#13;
Reportage&#13;
Television broadcasting of news&#13;
Television broadcasting of news United States&#13;
Television specials&#13;
Television specials United States&#13;
Téléjournaux États-Unis&#13;
United States</text>
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            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="32992">
                <text>© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (&lt;a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"&gt;http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/&lt;/a&gt;).</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/prosthesis2020007"&gt;https://doi.org/10.3390/prosthesis2020007&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>Mitral regurgitation imposes a significant symptomatic burden on patients who are not candidates for conventional surgery. For these patients, transcatheter repair and replacement devices are emerging as alternative options. One such device is an intravalvular balloon or spacer that is inserted between the mitral valve leaflets to fill the gap that gives rise to mitral regurgitation. In this study, we apply a large-deformation fluid-structure interaction analysis to a fully 3D subject-specific mitral valve model to assess the efficacy of the intra-valvular spacer for reducing mitral regurgitation severity. The model includes a topologically 3D subvalvular apparatus with unprecedented detail. Results show that device fixation and anchoring at the location of the subject’s regurgitant orifice is imperative for optimal reduction of mitral regurgitation.</text>
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                <text>&lt;i&gt;Prosthesis&lt;/i&gt;, Volume 2, Issue 2, May 2020, pages 65-75</text>
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                <text>&lt;span&gt;Toma, M., Einstein, D., Bloodworth, C., IV, Kohli, K., Cochran, R., Kunzelman, K., &amp;amp; Yoganathan, A. (2020). Fluid-Structure Interaction Analysis of Subject-Specific Mitral Valve Regurgitation Treatment with an Intra-Valvular Spacer. In Prosthesis (Vol. 2, Issue 2, pp. 65–75). MDPI AG. &lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/prosthesis2020007"&gt;https://doi.org/10.3390/prosthesis2020007&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</text>
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        <name>mitral valve insufficiency</name>
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                <text>Evolution of forelimb musculoskeletal function across the fish-to-tetrapod transition</text>
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                <text>Index Medicus&#13;
Evolution&#13;
Mammals</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="32982">
                <text>Copyright © 2021 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CC BY).</text>
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                <text>Molnar J.L., Hutchinson J.R., Diogo R., Clack J.A., Pierce S.E.</text>
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                <text>One of the most intriguing questions in vertebrate evolution is how tetrapods gained the ability to walk on land. Although many hypotheses have been proposed, few have been rigorously tested using the fossil record. Here, we build three-dimensional musculoskeletal models of the pectoral appendage in Eusthenopteron, Acanthostega, and Pederpes and quantitatively examine changes in forelimb function across the fin-to-limb transition. Through comparison with extant fishes and tetrapods, we show that early tetrapods share a suite of characters including restricted mobility in humerus long-axis rotation, increased muscular leverage for humeral retraction, but not depression/adduction, and increased mobility in elbow flexion-extension. We infer that the earliest steps in tetrapod forelimb evolution were related to limb-substrate interactions, whereas specializations for weight support appeared later. Together, these results suggest that competing selective pressures for aquatic and terrestrial environments produced a unique, ancestral “early tetrapod” forelimb locomotor mode unlike that of any extant animal.</text>
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                <text>&lt;em&gt;Science Advances&lt;/em&gt;, Volume 7, Issue 4, January 2021</text>
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                <text>&lt;span&gt;Molnar, J. L., Hutchinson, J. R., Diogo, R., Clack, J. A., &amp;amp; Pierce, S. E. (2021). Evolution of forelimb musculoskeletal function across the fish-to-tetrapod transition. In Science Advances (Vol. 7, Issue 4). American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). &lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd7457"&gt;https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd7457&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</text>
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        <name>Fish</name>
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        <name>Flexion extension</name>
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        <name>forelimb</name>
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        <name>Restricted mobilities</name>
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        <name>Vertebrate evolution</name>
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